Fluid heating techniques

ABSTRACT

Apparatus and method for heating fluid under pressure. The apparatus aspect of the disclosure includes a member that defines a chamber in which a source of heat and a radiator are located. The outer surface of the radiator defines pathways through which the fluid flows in the apparatus in order to be heated. A gap is provided between the radiator and the member so that fluid disposed in the gap partially insulates the fluid flowing in the pathways. Insulation is provided around the member and a thermostat is mounted in a cavity defined by a housing attached to the radiator so that the fluid is uniformly heated to a constant, predetermined temperature. A filter is held in an outlet assembly that automatically retains fluid in the chamber when the filter is removed for cleaning.

United States Patent [72] Inventors Wilbert G. Knutz West Unity;

' Jens D. Larsen, Defiance, both of, Ohio [21] Appl. No. 827,228 [22] Filed May 23,1969 1451 Patented June 8, 1971 [73] Assignee The Arc Corporation Bryan, Ohio [54] FLUID HEATING TECHNIQUES 6 Claims, 8 Drawing Figs.

[52] US. Cl 219/305, 165/156, 210/234, 219/302, 219/308, 219/328, 239/135 [51] lnt.Cl F24h1/10, 1105b 1/02 {50] Field ofSearch 219/296, 299, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 308, 328; 165/156; 210/234; 239/134, 135, 139

[ 56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,298,301 3/1919 David 219/306 X 1,355,838 10/1920 McLean 219/305 X 1,671,677 5/1928 Keeton 1 219/306 1,716,996 6/1929 Adam 219/304 2,360,094 10/1944 Arvins et a1 165/156 X 2,576,558 11/1951 Bede 219/305 X 3,096,426 7/1963 Axelsonm. 219/305 3,363,762 1/1968 Ensign 210/234 FOREIGN PATENTS 949,892 3/1949 France 210/234 1,158,943 2/1958 France 165/156 674,809 4/1939 Germany 165/156 303,356 11/1932 Italy 165/156 Primary Examiner-A. Bartis ArtorneyMolinare, Allegretti, Newitt and Witcoff ABSTRACT: Apparatus and method for heating fluid under pressure. The apparatus aspect of the disclosure includes a member that defines a chamber in which a source of heat and a radiator are located. The outer surface of the radiator defines pathways through which the fluid flows in the apparatus in order to be heated. A gap is provided between the radiator and the member so that fluid disposed in the gap partially insulates the fluid flowing in the pathways. Insulation is provided around the member and a thermostat is mounted in a cavity defined by a housing attached to the radiator so that the fluid is uniformly heated to a constant, predetermined temperature. A filter is held in an outlet assembly that automati-' cally retains fluid in the chamber when the filter is removed for cleaning.

PATENIEDJUM 8m: 3584.194

SHEET 1 OF 2 INVENTORS W/LBERT G. KAUTZ /58 BY z/ENS 0. LARSEN l W y, W

I ATTORNEYS FLUID HEATING TECHNIQUES BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention primarily relates to techniques for heating fluid, and is more specifically directed to techniques for heating varnish, lacquers, enamels, and the like for use in hot spraying systems.

As a final step in most manufacturing processes, protective and decorative fluids such as paints, varnishes, lacquers, enamels, and the like are frequently applied to articles. The paint industry has long recognized that heating such fluids offers the advantages of reduced viscosity, reduced thinner requirements, and shorter application and drying times. In addition, heating the fluids improves coverage and the overall appearance of the finished article.

In light of these considerations, prior art systems adapted to apply protective and decorative fluids by spraying have typically included a fluid heater. However, each of the prior art fluid heaters has exhibited certain deficiencies that have limited its usefulness.

One of the deficiencies exhibited by prior art fluid heaters relates to their ability to heat fluid uniformly without hot" spots. Prior art heaters generally have a relatively small heater area facing the fluid so that there is considerable danger of scorching the fluid if the heat flux-density is more than about 7 watts per square inch. Another problem exhibited by. prior art heaters is their inability to control the maximum temperature to which the fluid is heated as the heater is turned on. In addition, certain prior art heaters have exhibited a considerable temperature gradient across the pathways taken by the fluid through the heater, so that some portions of the fluid are excessively heated, while other portions do not receive sufficient heat.

Prior art heaters are also deficient in their ability to control the temperature bandwidth" of the fluid, that is, the temperature range between the highest and lowest temperatures to which the fluid is heated. More specifically, prior art fluid heaters are basically incapable of consistently heating fluid to a uniform, predetermined temperature over a sustained period of time. The inability of prior art fluid heaters to control the temperature bandwidth of the fluid is a serious problem since many new lacquers may be adversely aflected unless the temperature to which they are heated is limited within a narrow range.

Another disadvantage of prior art fluid heaters is that they generally comprise drilled or cast-in holes through which the fluid travels as it is being heated. The nature of the holes is such that they are difficult, if not impossible, to clean when the heater receives periodic service. The servicing of prior art fluid heaters is also complicated by the filter arrangements used therein.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a fluid heater that heats fluid uniformly without creating "hot spots and without scorching the fluid.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a fluid heater that can control the maximum temperature to which the fluid is heated as the fluid heater is turned on.

Another specific object of the present invention is to control the temperature gradient across the fluid as it is being heated.

Yet another object of the present invention is to enable fluid to be heated within a narrow range of temperatures over a sustained period of time, that is, to reduce the temperature bandwidth of a fluid heating system.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide improved means for servicing and cleaning a fluid heating system.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In order to overcome the deficiencies of prior art fluid heaters, the present invention, in its principal apparatus aspect, comprises a member that defines a chamber. The

chamber contains a source of heat and a radiator means having an outer surface that defines pathways through which fluid flows as it is being heated. By properly arranging the pathways and distributing fluid therein, the fluid is heated to the desired temperature by applying a minimum heat flux-densityso that the possibility of scorching is virtually eliminated.

In order to control the temperature gradient and the temperature range in which the fluid is heated (i.e., the temperature bandwidth), the present invention also provides a temperature-sensitive control means that controls the operation of the source of heat and insulation that surrounds the member. According to one embodiment of the invention, the control means is mounted in a cavity defined by a housing that is connected to the radiator means so that it can accurately determine the temperature to which the fluid is being heated. By employing the foregoing techniques, the temperature bandwidth and gradient of the system may be reduced to values unattainable by prior art methods and apparatus. As previously mentioned, this feature is vital for the proper heating and application of many fluids, such as lacquers, that may deteriorate unless the temperature to which they are heated is held within close tolerances.

Another aspect of the present invention that significantly increases the ability of the system to control its temperature gradient and bandwidth relates to the displacement of the radiator means from the member in order to form a gap. According to this feature, fluid flowing in the gap partially insulates the fluid flowing in the pathways from the member. As a result, the fluid flowing in the pathways is heated uniformly throughout, and the temperature gradient and bandwidth of the system may be precisely controlled.

In addition to the foregoing advantages and features, the radiator means is preferably supported at only one end portion of the chamber so that the radiator means may be easily removed from the chamber for cleaning purposes. Moreover, since the pathways defined by the radiator means are located to the exterior thereof, the entire radiator means may be easily cleaned and serviced.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to apparatus for conveniently mounting a fluid filter in connection with the fluid heater assembly. The apparatus includes a unique means for closing the chamber so that fluid is retained therein when the filter is removed for cleaning. When the filter is replaced, the means are automatically reset so that fluid is again allowed to flow freely through the chamber.

The use of the apparatus and method aspects of the present invention results in techniques by which fluid may be heated with a degree of control and accuracy unattainable by prior art apparatus. In addition, the present invention results in a system that is easy to assemble, service, and clean so that the overall cost of employing the techniques is significantly reduced.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS These and other objects, advantages, and features of the present invention will hereinafter appear for purposes of illustration, but not of limitation, in connection with the accompanying drawings in which like numbers refer to like parts throughout, and in which:

FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of the exterior of a preferred form of fluid heater assembly made in accordance with the present invention, together with fragmentary, schematic illustrations of additional components with which the fluid heater assembly may be used in a fluid spraying system;

FIG. 2 is a partially fragmentary, cross-sectional front elevational view of the fluid heater assembly shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a fragmentary, cross-sectional view taken along line 3-3 of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 4-4 of FIG.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 5-5 of FIG.

FIG. 6 is a schematic electrical diagram illustrating the manner in which certain of the parts shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 are interconnected;

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 7-7 of FIG. 2; and

FIG. 8 is a perspective, fragmentary view of a portion of the radiator means shown in FIG. 2.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring to FIG. 1, a preferred form of a fluid heater assembly 10 made in accordance with the present invention is shown in connection with a system that sprays protective and decorative fluid, such as paint. The system includes a main line 12 that supplied fluid to a pump 14. The pump applies pressure to the fluid in a well-known manner so that fluid is forced through a supply line 16 to heater assembly 10. After the fluid is heated, it flows through one portion of a coaxial line 18 to a spray gun 20. The spray gun operates in a wellknown manner to apply fluid to any article requiring decoration or protection. Unused fluid is continually returned to the heater assembly through another portion of coaxial line 18. The unused fluid is then returned through a regulator line 22 to another portion of pump 14. The entire system is controlled by regulators (not shown). The regulators automatically adjust the pressure in the coaxial and regulator lines so that an even flow of fluid is continually provided to the spray gun.

Referring to FIGS. 2-8, a preferred form of fluid heater assembly 10 made in accordance with the present invention comprises a cylindrical member 24, a radiator assembly 36, a heat source 66, a housing assembly 74, a control assembly 94, an inlet assembly 122, a distributing assembly 128, an outlet assembly 104, and an insulating assembly 186.

As best shown in FIGS. 2, 5, and 7, member 24 preferably comprises a stainless steel tube having an inner wall 25, an outer wall 26, a top end 27 and a bottom end 28. The tube has an outside diameter of 3% inches and an inside diameter of 2 63/64 inches. The inner wall of the member generally defines a chamber 29 having a first end portion 30, a second end portion 32, and a longitudinal axis 34.

Radiator assembly 36 is generally held within chamber 29 and comprises an outer surface 38 that includes a threadset 40. The threads of set 40 include crests such as crest 42 and a groove 43 having a base 44. Threadset 40 defines a pathway 46 that has a midline arranged midway between the crests and groove base of the set. One point of the midline is identified by the number 45 (FIG. 2). Radiator assembly 36 also includes another threadset 48 that includes crests such as crest 50 and a groove 51 having a base 52. Threadset 48 defines another pathway 54 that has a midline approximately midway'between the crests and groove base of the set. One point of the midline is identified by the number 53 (FIG. 2). Threadsets 40 and 48 are identical in size and shape and are cast from aluminum with about llithreads per inch. The radiator assembly 36 has a hollow center 56 that is sealed at the lower end thereof by a plug seal 58. The crests of threadsets 40 and 48 are each displaced from the inner wall of member 24 by a gap 60 of about 0.014 inches. Gap 60 defines a cylindrical pathway 62 through which fluid may flow adjacent inner wall 25 from the first to the second end portion of chamber 29. As previously mentioned, the fluid disposed in gap 60 provides a curtain or barrier that partially insulates the fluid flowing in pathways 46 and 54 from the member (the inner wall of which is somewhat cooler than outer surface 38).

Heat source 66 comprises a 2,000 watt, 230 volt electrical element having a centerline 68 that is coincident with longitudinal axis 34. Power is supplied to heat source 66 through conductors 70 and 72. As best seen in FIG. 2, the heat source extends substantially along the entire length of the radiator assembly, and, likewise, the radiator assembly extends substantially along the entire length of chamber 29. As a result, a relatively large, evenly heated surface area is available in order to heat fluid flowing through the assembly so that hot spots and nonuniform heating is avoided.

Housing assembly 74 comprises a lower portion 76 that is preferably integrally formed with radiator assembly 36. Housing assembly 74 also includes sidewalls 78-85 that form an explosion-proof cavity 88. The cavity is enclosed by a cover 90. Member 24 is securely aligned to lower portion 76 by a gasket 92 so that the first end portion of the chamber is effectively sealed.

Control assembly 94 is held within cavity 88 and basically includes a temperature-sensitive control device comprising a thermostat 98 that is mounted on a bracket 96. Thermostat 98 controls the operation of heat source 66 in a well-known manner based on the temperature in cavity 88. The thermostat is connected through a sleeve 100 to a knob 102 by which the setting of the thermostat may be manually regulated. When the apparatus is operating properly, light from a neon lamp 106 is diffused by a lens 110 and is projected onto a perforated dial 104. Lamp 106 is connected in series with a resistor 108 that increases its effective life. The thermostat is also connected in series with a fusible heat limiter 112 that automatically disconnects heat source 66 when the temperature in cavity 88 exceeds a predetermined limit. Power is supplied to the control assembly from a 230 volt source through conductors 114 and 116 that extend through a threaded conduit hole 118.

Inlet assembly 122 comprises a fitting 124 that is adapted to be connected to supply line 16 (FIG. 1).

Distributing assembly 128 comprises drilled channels 130 and 132 that are interconnected with fitting 124, and a ring channel 133 that includes a wall 134. As best shown in FIGS. 2, 7 and 8-, the threadsets are arranged so that a first volume of fluid flowing in ring channel 133 follows the path marked by the set of arrows identified by the letter A and then proceeds along pathway 46. More specifically, the first volume flows on top of crest 42 and adjacent wall 134 until it flows over a lip 136 into pathway 46. A second volume of fluid flowing in ring channel 133 follows the path marked by the arrows identified by the letter B and then proceeds along pathway 54. More specifically, the second volume flows on top of crest 42 and under a lip 138 until it enters pathway 54. As a result of the unique structure of the distributing and radiator assemblies, the volumes of fluid flowing in pathways 46 and 54 are always equal. Moreover, since threadsets 40 and 48 are shaped and spaced in an identical manner, the fluid in each pathway is heated to exactly the same extent so that hot" spots and uneven heating are completely avoided. A quantity of the fluid flowing in ring channel 133 also follows pathway 62 defined by gap 60 so that the fluid in pathways 46 and 54 is partially insulated from inner wall 25. However, pathways 46 and 54 are considerably larger than pathway 62 so that only a relatively small percentage of the fluid flowing in ring channel 133 proceeds along the gap. As a result, most of the fluid flows along threadsets 40 and 48 where it is heated uniformly to a predetermined temperature.

Outlet assembly 140 includes a gasket 141 that seals bottom end 28 of member 24. The outlet assembly also comprises a casting body 142 that defines a cavity 144. The cavity communicates with chamber 29 through a passageway 146. Passageway 146 includes a valve seat 148. Outlet assembly 140 also includes a passageway 150 that comprises a tube 152, a barb 154, a fitting 156 that is connected to coaxial line 18, and a fitting 158 that is connected to regulator line 22. A filter 162 is adapted to fit inside cavity 144. The passage of fluid through passageway 146 is controlled by a valve 164 comprising a biasing ball 166 that fits in valve seat 148. The biasing ball has sufficient mass so that it is moved onto the valve seat by gravity when the filter is removed for cleaning and servicing. Valve 164 also comprises a stem 168 that is attached to ball 166 and passes through the center of filter 162.

The operation of valve 164 is controlled by an operating assembly 170. The operating assembly includes a rider 172 that is releasably attached to stem 168, and a gasket 174 that fits on the rider and engages the lower end of filter 162. The operating assembly also includes a spring 176 and a threaded cap 178 that can be screwed onto threads 180 of the outlet assembly. The operating assembly is sealed by a gasket 182 so that all of the fluid flowing through passageway 146 passes through the filter before it is expelled through passageway 150.-

lnsulating assembly 186 comprises a l-inch thick, cylindrical insulating tube 188 that is fabricated from glass fiber. As best shown in FIG. 2, the insulating tube extends from the lower portion 76 of housing assembly 74 to the upper portion of casting body 142. The insulating tube is surrounded by a cylindrical metal member 190 that is fabricated from aluminum. The outer portion of the insulating assembly is formed by a 0.032-inch thick steel jacket 192 that is arranged to define closed air spaces 194-197.

The entire heater assembly is held together by bolts 198 201. The bolts are held in position at the top end of the heater assembly by hex nuts 203-206, respectively, and at the lower end of the assembly by hex nuts 208, 211, and two additional hex'nuts not shown. Four acorn nuts positioned above hex nuts 203-206 hold cover 90 in place. The entire assembly has an overall length of about 21 inches.

The operation and method aspect of the preferred embodiment will now be described. The fittings of the heater assembly are connected to appropriate lines of the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 in the manner previously described. In addition, conductors 114 and 116 are connected to a source of 230 volt electrical power (110 volt power may also be used if the values of the components in the control assembly are appropriately chosen). When the heater assembly is connected in the manner described, fluid under pressure flows through fitting 124 and channels 130, 132, into ring channel 133, and the upper portion of the radiator assembly basically divides the fluid into two quantities. A first quantity of the fluid is propelled in a space adjacent the radiator assembly (i.e., along pathways 46 and 54). Of course, in the preferred embodiment, the first quantity is divided into equal volumes of fluid that are propelled along pathways 46 and 54, respectively. The first quantity of the fluid is substantially surrounded by a second quantity of the fluid that is confined in .a cylindrical space along inner wall 25 in gap 60. The space extends from the first to the second end portion of chamber 29. The first quantity of the fluid is substantially greater than the second quantity of the fluid. As a result of this method of operation, the temperature gradient across pathways 46 and 54 is substantially reduced, and the fluid is uniformly heated to the same temperature with a degree of precision unattainable by the use of prior art methods.

After fluid is heated in the manner described, it is expelled through the outlet assembly and filter 162 in an obvious manner.

The temperature to which the fluid is heated may be regulated by operating knob 102 of control assembly 94. As previously mentioned, many lacquers require heating to a predetermined temperature that is maintained constant within very close tolerances. Applicants have found that use of the techniques described herein enable control assembly 94 and heat source 66 to consistently heat a fluid to a predetermined temperature with a degree of accuracy heretofore unattainable. Applicants have found that the arrangement of parts shown herein not only reduces the temperature gradient across pathways 46 and 54, but also reduces the system bandwidth.

Radiator assembly 36 may be easily cleaned by removing hex nuts 203206 and the corresponding acorn nuts. The radiator assembly may then be lifted out of chamber 29. Since the radiator assembly is secured only at the first end portion of the chamber, it may be removed easily and conveniently. Once the radiator assembly is removed, the threadsets are exposed to the operator and may be easily cleaned.

Filter 162 may be conveniently cleaned by removing cap 178, spring 176, and rider 172. As the filter is removed from cavity 144, biasing ball 166 is lowered by gravity into contact with valve seat 148, thereby effectively preventing fluid in chamber 29 from flowing through the outlet assembly. When the filter is replaced and the rider, spring and threaded cap are repositioned as shown in FIG. 2, the biasing ball is moved above the valve seat so that fluid may flow throughout the outlet assembly in the manner previously described.

A thermometer may be inserted in a hole in casting body 142 in order to continuously monitor the temperature at which the fluid is being heated.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention has been described in connection with a particular embodiment thereof, and that various structural changes and modifications of the mode of operation may be affected without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.

What We claim is:

1. [n a system designed to heat fluid under pressure, apparatus comprising:

a member that defines a chamber having a first end portion and a second end portion;

a source of heat;

radiator means coupled to said source of heat and located in the chamber for defining a first spiral pathway by which fluid flows along the exterior of the radiator means from the first end portion toward the second end portion of the chamber, said radiator means being displaced from said member by a predetermined gap that forms a second cylindrical pathway in which fluid flows, whereby the fluid flowing in the first spiral pathway is partially insulated;

inlet means for receiving fluid under pressure and for conducting said fluid to said first and second pathways;

outlet means for expelling heated fluid from said chamber;

a housing connected to the radiator means, said housing defining a cavity;

a temperature-sensitive control means mounted in said cavity for controlling the energization of the source of heat; and

insulating means for insulating the member so that the temperature gradient across the first pathway is minimized and so that the temperature to which the fluid in the first pathway is heated remains substantially constant.

2. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the insulating means comprises:

a fibrous layer of material that substantially surrounds the member;

a metal member that substantially surrounds the fibrous layer; and

a jacket that substantially surrounds the metal member for creating closed air spaces between the metal member and the jacket.

3. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the gap is at least 0.0l0 inches wide.

4. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the gap is about 0.014 inches wide.

5. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said outlet means comprises:

a body underlying the chamber that defines a cavity;

a first passageway for connecting the cavity with the chamber;

a second passageway for connecting the cavity with the exterior of the outlet means;

a filter adapted to be inserted in the cavity;

a vertical stem mounted in said first passageway;

closure means attached to the top end of the vertical stern,

said closure means having a first position in which the first passageway is closed and a second position in which the first passageway is open;

bias means for normally biasing the closure means in its first position so that fluid is held in the chamber if the filter is removed; and

operating means for moving the closure means to its second position if the filter is inserted in the cavity so that heated fluid flows from the chamber to the exterior of the outlet means through the filter.

6. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 5, wherein the operating means comprises a spring and a gasket that hold the closure means in its second position and that simultaneously hold the filter in the cavity. 

1. In a system designed to heat fluid under pressure, apparatus comprising: a member that defines a chamber having a first end portion and a second end portion; a source of heat; radiator means coupled to said source of heat and located in the chamber for defining a first spiral pathway by which fluid flows along the exterior of the radiator means from the first end portion toward the second end portion of the chamber, said radiator means being displaced from said member by a predetermined gap that forms a second cylindrical pathway in which fluid flows, whereby the fluid flowing in the first spiral pathway is partially insulated; inlet means for receiving fluid under pressure and for conducting said fluid to said first and second pathways; outlet means for expelling heated fluid from said chamber; a housing connected to the radiator means, said housing defining a cavity; a temperature-sensitive control means mounted in said cavIty for controlling the energization of the source of heat; and insulating means for insulating the member so that the temperature gradient across the first pathway is minimized and so that the temperature to which the fluid in the first pathway is heated remains substantially constant.
 2. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the insulating means comprises: a fibrous layer of material that substantially surrounds the member; a metal member that substantially surrounds the fibrous layer; and a jacket that substantially surrounds the metal member for creating closed air spaces between the metal member and the jacket.
 3. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the gap is at least 0.010 inches wide.
 4. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the gap is about 0.014 inches wide.
 5. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said outlet means comprises: a body underlying the chamber that defines a cavity; a first passageway for connecting the cavity with the chamber; a second passageway for connecting the cavity with the exterior of the outlet means; a filter adapted to be inserted in the cavity; a vertical stem mounted in said first passageway; closure means attached to the top end of the vertical stem, said closure means having a first position in which the first passageway is closed and a second position in which the first passageway is open; bias means for normally biasing the closure means in its first position so that fluid is held in the chamber if the filter is removed; and operating means for moving the closure means to its second position if the filter is inserted in the cavity so that heated fluid flows from the chamber to the exterior of the outlet means through the filter.
 6. Apparatus, as claimed in claim 5, wherein the operating means comprises a spring and a gasket that hold the closure means in its second position and that simultaneously hold the filter in the cavity. 